1.What is fracture ?

A fracture is a disruption of the integrity and continuity of bones, including osteochondrone.

2.The most common classification of fractures

(1). According to whether the fracture site is connected with the outside world, it is divided into:

Closed fracture: The skin or mucous membrane at the site of the fracture is intact and not communicative to the outside world.

Open fracture: The skin or mucous membrane at the site of the fracture is broken and communicates with the outside world.

(2).According to whether the fracture affects the articular surface, it is divided into:

Intra-articular fracture: The fracture line extends to the articular surface, resulting in joint destruction and injury.

Extra-articular fractures: fractures of the diaphysis (beyond 2 cm of the articular surface of the bone end).

(3). According to whether the broken end of the fracture is stable after the fracture, it is divided into:

Stable fracture: After a fracture, the broken end of the fracture is not prone to displacement.

Unstable fracture: A fracture in which the broken end of the fracture is prone to displacement after a fracture.

Classification significance: Relatively speaking, closed fractures, stable fractures and extra-articular fractures are simple to treat, have fewer complications, and have a better prognosis. However, open fractures, unstable fractures and intra-articular fractures are relatively complex to treat, with more complications and a relatively poor prognosis.

3. The three major academic schools of trauma fracture that are popular in the world

AO School - International Society for the Study of Internal Fixation

BO school – biological fixation

CO School - Chinese Osteopathy (Orthopedics of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine)

4. Examination of fractures

(1). Physical examination: limb pain, swelling and deformity, local tenderness, percussion pain, palpable bone rubbing sensation and abnormal movement, and even pseudoarthrosis; Shortening of limbs, longitudinal percussion pain, etc.

(2). X-ray examination: It is of great value for the diagnosis and treatment of fractures.

(3).CT and MRI examinations: It is of great significance for intra-articular fractures, complex fractures of the head, spine and pelvis. An MRI can determine the extent of soft tissue damage.

5. Five principles of first aid for fracture

5. 1. Save lives (save lives first, then heal the disease.) ）
   2. Treat the wound
   3. Simple fixation and immobilization (to prevent fracture activity, damage to nerves, tendons, blood vessels, etc.) ）
   4. Necessary analgesia (prevention of painful shock. ）
   5. Safe transfer.
   

6. Treatment of fractures

Principles of treatment: reduction, immobilization, and functional recovery exercises.

1. Non-surgical treatment (including traditional therapies in various regions)

  It is suitable for simple, stable fractures without vascular, nerve and tendon damage.

2. Surgical treatment

  It is suitable for unstable fractures, open fractures, intra-articular fractures, and fractures with vascular, nerve, and tendon injuries.

3. Surgical treatment:

(1) Plate screw internal fixation (most commonly used)

(2) Intramedullary nail fixation (most recommended)

(3) Percutaneous K-wire internal fixation (the simplest, most convenient and cheaper)

(4) External stenting (suitable for open fractures)

(5) Prosthetic replacement: mainly for those with severe joint fractures that cannot be recovered (the highest technical requirements).

4. Other treatments: medication and physical therapy, rehabilitation and functional exercises,etc. 

7.How to prevent fractures

4. 1. Pay attention to safe life, production and work;
   2. Obey the traffic order and strictly control the speed;
   3. Prepare for strenuous exercise before participating in the event;
   4. Revere life, cherish life, love yourself and your family.